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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Periodontal disease (PD) is a complex and infectious illness that begins with a disruption of bacterial homeostasis. This disease induces a host inflammatory response,... (Review)
Review
Periodontal disease (PD) is a complex and infectious illness that begins with a disruption of bacterial homeostasis. This disease induces a host inflammatory response, leading to damage of the soft and connective tooth-supporting tissues. Moreover, in advanced cases, it can contribute to tooth loss. The aetiological factors of PDs have been widely researched, but the pathogenesis of PD has still not been totally clarified. There are a number of factors that have an effect on the aetiology and pathogenesis of PD. It is purported that microbiological, genetic susceptibility and lifestyle can determine the development and severity of the disease. The human body's defence response to the accumulation of plaque and its enzymes is known to be a major factor for PD. The oral cavity is colonised by a characteristic and complex microbiota that grows as diverse biofilms on all mucosal and dental surfaces. The aim of this review was to provide the latest updates in the literature regarding still-existing problems with PD and to highlight the role of the oral microbiome in periodontal health and disease. Better awareness and knowledge of the causes of dysbiosis, environmental risk factors and periodontal therapy can reduce the growing worldwide prevalence of PDs. The promotion of good oral hygiene, limiting smoking, alcohol consumption and exposure to stress and comprehensive treatment to decrease the pathogenicity of oral biofilm can help reduce PD as well as other diseases. Evidence linking disorders of the oral microbiome to various systemic diseases has increased the understanding of the importance of the oral microbiome in regulating many processes in the human body and, thus, its impact on the development of many diseases.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Microbiota; Tooth Loss; Bacteria; Dysbiosis
PubMed: 36982305
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065231 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2023Doppler radar remote sensing of torso kinematics can provide an indirect measure of cardiopulmonary function. Motion at the human body surface due to heart and lung... (Review)
Review
Doppler radar remote sensing of torso kinematics can provide an indirect measure of cardiopulmonary function. Motion at the human body surface due to heart and lung activity has been successfully used to characterize such measures as respiratory rate and depth, obstructive sleep apnea, and even the identity of an individual subject. For a sedentary subject, Doppler radar can track the periodic motion of the portion of the body moving as a result of the respiratory cycle as distinct from other extraneous motions that may occur, to provide a spatial temporal displacement pattern that can be combined with a mathematical model to indirectly assess quantities such as tidal volume, and paradoxical breathing. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that even healthy respiratory function results in distinct motion patterns between individuals that vary as a function of relative time and depth measures over the body surface during the inhalation/exhalation cycle. Potentially, the biomechanics that results in different measurements between individuals can be further exploited to recognize pathology related to lung ventilation heterogeneity and other respiratory diagnostics.
PubMed: 37179837
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1130478 -
RSC Advances Jul 2023Biomaterial implantation into the human body plays a key role in the medical field and biological applications. Increasing the life expectancy of biomaterial implants,... (Review)
Review
Biomaterial implantation into the human body plays a key role in the medical field and biological applications. Increasing the life expectancy of biomaterial implants, reducing the rejection reaction inside the human body and reducing the risk of infection are the problems in this field that need to be solved urgently. The surface modification of biomaterials can change the original physical, chemical and biological properties and improve the function of materials. This review focuses on the application of surface modification techniques in various fields of biomaterials reported in the past few years. The surface modification techniques include film and coating synthesis, covalent grafting, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), plasma surface modification and other strategies. First, a brief introduction to these surface modification techniques for biomaterials is given. Subsequently, the review focuses on how these techniques change the properties of biomaterials, and evaluates the effects of modification on the cytocompatibility, antibacterial, antifouling and surface hydrophobic properties of biomaterials. In addition, the implications for the design of biomaterials with different functions are discussed. Finally, based on this review, it is expected that the biomaterials have development prospects in the medical field.
PubMed: 37435384
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02248j -
Pharmaceutics Aug 2019Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine... (Review)
Review
Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called "common mucosal immune system", which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.
PubMed: 31374959
DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080375 -
International Journal of Cosmetic... Aug 2023Sweating is the human body's thermoregulation system but also results in unpleasant body odour which can diminish the self-confidence of people. There has been continued... (Review)
Review
Sweating is the human body's thermoregulation system but also results in unpleasant body odour which can diminish the self-confidence of people. There has been continued research in finding solutions to reduce both sweating and body odour. Sweating is a result of increased sweat flow and malodour results from certain bacteria and ecological factors such as eating habits. Research on deodorant development focuses on inhibiting the growth of malodour-forming bacteria using antimicrobial agents, whereas research on antiperspirant synthesis focuses on technologies reducing the sweat flow, which not only reduces body odour but also improves people's appearance. Antiperspirant's technology is based on the use of aluminium salts which can form a gel plug at sweat pores, obstructing the sweat fluid from arising onto the skin surface. In this paper, we perform a systematic review on the recent progress in the development of novel antiperspirant and deodorant active ingredients that are alcohol-free, paraben-free, and naturally derived. Several studies have been reported on the alternative class of actives that can potentially be used for antiperspirant and body odour treatment including deodorizing fabric, bacterial, and plant extracts. However, a significant challenge is to understand how the gel-plugs of antiperspirant actives are formed in sweat pores and how to deliver long-lasting antiperspirant and deodorant benefits.
Topics: Humans; Antiperspirants; Deodorants; Body Odor; Sweating; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 36896776
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12852 -
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine.... 2022A growing body of work suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) could play a role as a promising adjuvant therapy in various conditions of rehabilitation interest....
A growing body of work suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) could play a role as a promising adjuvant therapy in various conditions of rehabilitation interest. In fact, WBC is currently being used to relieve symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, ankylosing spondylitis, depression and anxiety, multiple sclerosis, sleep disturbances, muscle soreness after strenuous physical exercise, post-Covid syndrome and obesity. WBC is not only a symptomatic physical therapy but rather represents an "adaptation therapy" because of the repeated shock-like cryogenic cold stimulus over the entire body surface that induces reactions in the autonomic, endocrine, circulatory, neuromuscular and immunological systems, resulting in an adaptation that contributes to the restoration of the homeostatic state. Therefore, based on the existing evidence, WBC can be described as follows:a "training method" for the autonomic nervous system;a novel anti-inflammatory and antioxidant treatment;a treatment with beneficial effects on body composition and adipose tissue. In our opinion, the powerful effects of thermal stress on the physiological responses of the human body present unique features that could potentially be exploited to boost rehabilitation outcomes in various conditions. Therefore, we believe it is important to highlight the potential use of WBC for medical use and emphasize its relevance in the field of rehabilitation with the aim of stimulating scientific studies on the efficacy of WBC as an adjuvant treatment in various conditions of rehabilitation interest.
PubMed: 36189129
DOI: 10.2340/jrmcc.v5.2810 -
Research in Microbiology 2014Metagenomics, the direct exploitation of environmental microbial DNA, is complementary to traditional culture-based approaches for deciphering taxonomic and functional... (Review)
Review
Metagenomics, the direct exploitation of environmental microbial DNA, is complementary to traditional culture-based approaches for deciphering taxonomic and functional microbial diversity in a plethora of ecosystems, including those related to the human body such as the mouth, saliva, teeth, gut or skin. DNA extracted from human skin analyzed by sequencing the PCR-amplified rrs gene has already revealed the taxonomic diversity of microbial communities colonizing the human skin ("skin microbiome"). Each individual possesses his/her own skin microbial community structure, with marked taxonomic differences between different parts of the body and temporal evolution depending on physical and chemical conditions (sweat, washing etc.). However, technical limitations due to the low bacterial density at the surface of the human skin or contamination by human DNA still has inhibited extended use of the metagenomic approach for investigating the skin microbiome at a functional level. These difficulties have been overcome in part by the new generation of sequencing platforms that now provide sequences describing the genes and functions carried out by skin bacteria. These methodological advances should help us understand the mechanisms by which these microorganisms adapt to the specific chemical composition of each skin and thereby lead to a better understanding of bacteria/human host interdependence. This knowledge will pave the way for more systemic and individualized pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.
Topics: Humans; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Skin
PubMed: 24361423
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.12.002 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2014Engineered nanoparticles that can be injected into the human body hold tremendous potential to detect and treat complex diseases. Understanding of the endocytosis and... (Review)
Review
Engineered nanoparticles that can be injected into the human body hold tremendous potential to detect and treat complex diseases. Understanding of the endocytosis and exocytosis mechanisms of nanoparticles is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic application. In particular, exocytosis is of significance in the removal of nanoparticles with drugs and contrast agents from the body, while endocytosis is of great importance for the targeting of nanoparticles in disease sites. Here, we review the recent research on the endocytosis and exocytosis of functionalized nanoparticles based on various sizes, shapes, and surface chemistries. We believe that this review contributes to the design of safe nanoparticles that can efficiently enter and leave human cells and tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Delivery Systems; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Humans; Mice; Nanoparticles; Surface Properties; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 24872703
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S26592 -
Journal of Physiological Anthropology Apr 2022Carl Bergmann was an astute naturalist and physiologist. His ideas about animal size and shape were important advances in the pre-Darwinian nineteenth century.... (Review)
Review
Carl Bergmann was an astute naturalist and physiologist. His ideas about animal size and shape were important advances in the pre-Darwinian nineteenth century. Bergmann's rule claims that that in cold climates, large body mass increases the ratio of volume-to-surface area and provides for maximum metabolic heat retention in mammals and birds. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, smaller body mass increases surface area relative to volume and allows for greater heat loss. For humans, we now know that body size and shape are regulated more by social-economic-political-emotional (SEPE) factors as well as nutrition-infection interactions. Temperature has virtually no effect. Bergmann's rule is a "just-so" story and should be relegated to teaching and scholarship about the history of science. That "rule" is no longer acceptable science and has nothing to tell us about physiological anthropology.
Topics: Animals; Body Size; Body Temperature Regulation; Humans; Mammals; Models, Biological; Temperature
PubMed: 35414036
DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00287-z